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Use of a drug with the primary intention to alter the state of consciousness

Recreational drug use is the utilise of a psychoactive drug to induce an altered land of consciousness either for pleasance or for some other casual purpose or pastime by modifying the perceptions, feelings, and emotions of the user.^[1] When a psychoactive drug enters the user'southward body, it induces an intoxicating upshot.^[one] Generally, recreational drugs are divided into three categories: depressants (drugs that induce a feeling of relaxation and calmness); stimulants (drugs that induce a sense of energy and alacrity); and hallucinogens (drugs that induce perceptual distortions such equally hallucination).^[2]

In popular practice, recreational drug use by and large is a tolerated social behaviour, rather than perceived as the medical condition of self-medication.^[3] Even so, heavy utilize of some drugs is socially stigmatized. Many people too employ prescribed and controlled depressants such as opioids, along with opiates, and benzodiazepines.

Recreational drugs include alcohol, commonly found in beer, vino, and distilled spirits; cannabis and hashish (with legality of possession varying inter/intra-nationally); nicotine, unremarkably found in tobacco; caffeine, commonly found in coffee, tea, soft drinks, prescription drugs; the controlled substances listed as controlled drugs in the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961) and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971) of the United Nations; and cocoa, commonly found in chocolate. What controlled substances are considered generally unlawful to possess varies past country, only usually includes methamphetamine, heroin, cocaine, LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, MDMA, Lean, and guild drugs. In 2015, it was estimated that nearly 5% of people worldwide aged 15 to 65 (158 million to 351 million) had used controlled drugs at least one time.^[iv]

Reasons for utilise [edit]

Many researchers have explored the etiology of recreational drug utilize.^[1] Some of the nearly mutual theories are: genetics, personality type, psychological bug, self-medication, sex, age, instant gratification, bones man need, curiosity, rebelliousness, a sense of belonging to a group, family unit and zipper issues, history of trauma, failure at schoolhouse or work, socioeconomic stressors, peer pressure, juvenile delinquency, availability, historical factors, or socio-cultural influences.^{[6] [7]} There has not been agreement around whatsoever one single cause.^[half-dozen] Instead, experts tend to utilise the biopsychosocial model.^[six] Whatever number of these factors are probable to influence an private'due south drug employ as they are not mutually exclusive.^{[6] [vii] [eight]} Regardless of genetics, mental wellness, or traumatic experiences, social factors play a big role in exposure to and availability of certain types of drugs and patterns of drug use.^{[6] [7] [9]}

According to habit researcher Martin A. Establish, many people go through a flow of self-redefinition before initiating recreational drug utilize.^[7] They tend to view using drugs every bit part of a general lifestyle that involves belonging to a subculture that they acquaintance with heightened status and the challenging of social norms.^[7] Plant states: "From the user's betoken of view at that place are many positive reasons to become role of the milieu of drug taking. The reasons for drug apply announced to have as much to do with needs for friendship, pleasance and status equally they do with unhappiness or poverty. Becoming a drug taker, to many people, is a positive affirmation rather than a negative experience".^[seven]

Evolution [edit]

Anthropological research has suggested that humans "may have evolved to counter-exploit plant neurotoxins". The ability to employ botanical chemicals to serve the function of endogenous neurotransmitters may have improved survival rates, conferring an evolutionary advantage. A typically restrictive prehistoric diet may accept emphasised the apparent do good of consuming psychoactive drugs, which had themselves evolved to imitate neurotransmitters.^[10] Chemical–ecological adaptations, and the genetics of hepatic enzymes, particularly cytochrome P450, have led researchers to propose that "humans accept shared a co-evolutionary relationship with psychotropic establish substances that is millions of years old."^[11]

Health risks [edit]

Habit experts in psychiatry, chemistry, pharmacology, forensic science, epidemiology, and the constabulary and legal services engaged in delphic assay and ranked xx popular recreational drugs by their dependence liability and concrete and social harms.^[12]

This 1914 photo shows intoxicated men at a sobering-upwardly room

Severity and type of risks that come up with recreational drug employ vary widely with the drug in question and the amount being used. There are many factors in the environment and inside the user that collaborate with each drug differently. Overall, some studies suggest that booze is i of the most dangerous of all recreational drugs; only heroin, scissure cocaine, and methamphetamine are judged to be more harmful. Alcoholic drinks, tobacco products and other nicotine-based products (e.g., electronic cigarettes), and cannabis are regarded by various medical professionals to be the most common and widespread gateway drugs.^{[13] [14] [15] [16]} In the United States, Commonwealth of australia, and New Zealand, the general onset of drinking alcohol, tobacco smoking, cannabis smoking, and consumption of multiple drugs among young people nearly ofttimes occurs during adolescence and inside school settings (eye school and secondary school).^{[15] [sixteen] [17] [18] [nineteen]}

Scientific studies which focus on a low–moderate level of alcohol consumption, specially of red wine,^{[20] [21] [22]} have ended that in that location tin can be substantial health benefits from its employ, such as decreased take chances of cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and cognitive decline.^{[20] [21] [22] [23]} This merits has been disputed.^[twenty] Researcher David Nutt stated that these studies showing benefits for "moderate" alcohol consumption lacked command for the variable of what the subjects were drinking, beforehand.^[24] Experts in the Uk have suggested that some psychoactive drugs that may exist causing less harm to fewer users (although they are as well used less frequently in the first place) include cannabis, psilocybin mushrooms, LSD, and MDMA. Notwithstanding, these drugs are non without their own detail risks.^[25]

Drug harmfulness [edit]

The diagram shows the dependence potential and the relation between agile and lethal dose of some psychoactive substances

Drug harmfulness is defined equally the degree to which a psychoactive drug is harmful to a user and is measured in various ways, such as past addictiveness and the potential for physical harm. More than harmful drugs are chosen "hard drugs",^[26] and less harmful drugs are called "soft drugs".^[27] The term "soft drug" is considered controversial by its critics equally information technology may imply that soft drugs cause no or insignificant harm.^[27]

• 

  A chart showing relative drug harm.^[25]

• 

  A rational harm assessment of drugs^[28]

• 

  An analysis of the dangers of drugs^[29]

Responsible use [edit]

The concept of "responsible drug use" is that a person tin use drugs recreationally or otherwise with reduced or eliminated chance of negatively affecting other aspects of i's life or other people's lives. Advocates of this philosophy signal to the many well-known artists and intellectuals who have used drugs, experimentally or otherwise, with few detrimental effects on their lives. Responsible drug utilize becomes problematic merely when the use of the substance significantly interferes with the user'south daily life.

Responsible drug use advocates that users should not have drugs at the aforementioned time every bit activities such equally driving, swimming, operating machinery, or other activities that are unsafe without a sober state. Responsible drug employ is emphasized as a chief prevention technique in impairment-reduction drug policies. Harm-reduction policies were popularized in the belatedly 1980s, although they began in the 1970s counter-civilisation, when cartoons explaining responsible drug utilise and the consequences of irresponsible drug apply were distributed to users.^[30] Some other issue is that the illegality of drugs in itself also causes social and economical consequences for those using them—the drugs may be "cut" with adulterants and the purity varies wildly, making overdoses more probable—and legalization of drug production and distribution would reduce these and other dangers of illegal drug use.^[31] Harm reduction seeks to minimize the harm that can occur through the utilize of diverse drugs, whether legal (east.g., alcohol and nicotine), or illegal (east.grand., heroin and cocaine). For example, people who take drugs intravenously (cocaine, heroin) can minimize harm to both themselves and members of the customs through proper injecting technique, using new needles and syringes each fourth dimension, and proper disposal of all injecting equipment.

Prevention [edit]

In efforts to curtail recreational drug use, governments worldwide introduced several laws prohibiting the possession of almost all varieties of recreational drugs during the 20th century. The West'south "War on Drugs" still, is now facing increasing criticism. Prove is insufficient to tell if behavioral interventions help prevent recreational drug use in children.^[32]

One in 4 adolescents has used an illegal drug and one in x of those adolescents who demand addiction handling get some type of care.^[33] School-based programs are the near commonly used method for drug utilize pedagogy; nevertheless, the success rates of these intervention programs is highly dependent on the delivery of participants, and is limited in general.^[34] Studies have too shown that home intervention is as well effective in decreasing the entreatment of drugs.^{[ citation needed ]}

Demographics [edit]

Smoking any tobacco product, %, Males^[35]

Smoking any tobacco product, %, Females^[35]

Commonwealth of australia [edit]

Booze is the most widely used drug in Australia.^[37] 86.two% of Australians anile 12 years and over have consumed alcohol at least one time in their lifetime, compared to 34.eight% of Australians aged 12 years and over who take used cannabis at least one time in their lifetime.^[37]

United States [edit]

From the mid-19th century to the 1930s, American physicians prescribed Cannabis sativa equally a prescription drug for various medical weather condition.^[38] In the 1960s, the counterculture movement introduced the utilize of psychoactive drugs, including cannabis. Young adults and higher students reported the recreational prevalence of cannabis, amongst other drugs, at 20-25% while the cultural mindset of using was open and curious.^[39] In 1969, the FBI reported that betwixt the years 1966 and 1968, the number of arrests for marijuana possession, which had been outlawed throughout the United States under Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, had increased by 98%.^[forty] Despite acknowledgement that drug use was greatly growing among America'due south youth during the belatedly 1960s, surveys have suggested that merely as much every bit 4% of the American population had ever smoked marijuana by 1969. Past 1972, however, that number would increase to 12%. That number would so double past 1977.^[41]

The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 classified marijuana forth with heroin and LSD as a Schedule I drug, i.east., having the relatively highest abuse potential and no accepted medical use.^{[38] [42]} Most marijuana at that time came from Mexico, just in 1975 the Mexican government agreed to eradicate the crop by spraying information technology with the herbicide paraquat, raising fears of toxic side furnishings. Colombia and so became the main supplier.^[42] The "zero tolerance" climate of the Reagan and Bush administrations (1981–93) resulted in passage of strict laws and mandatory sentences for possession of marijuana. The "War on Drugs" thus brought with it a shift from reliance on imported supplies to domestic cultivation (especially in Hawaii and California). Beginning in 1982, the Drug Enforcement Administration turned increased attention to marijuana farms in the United States, and in that location was a shift to the indoor growing of plants particularly developed for minor size and high yield. After over a decade of decreasing use, marijuana smoking began an upward trend once again in the early 1990s, especially among teenagers, merely past the end of the decade this upswing had leveled off well below former peaks of use.^[42]

Society and culture [edit]

Many movements and organizations are advocating for or against the liberalization of the utilise of recreational drugs, nearly notably regarding the legalization of marijuana and cannabinoids for medical and/or recreational use.^{[38] [43] [44] [45]} Subcultures accept emerged amid users of recreational drugs,^[46] as well as alternative lifestyles and social movements among those who abjure from them, such as teetotalism and "direct edge".^[47]

Since the early 2000s, medical professionals have acknowledged and addressed the problem of the increasing consumption of alcoholic drinks and club drugs (such every bit MDMA, cocaine, rohypnol, GHB, ketamine, PCP, LSD, and methamphetamine) associated with rave civilisation among adolescents and young adults in the Western world.^{[48] [49] [l] [51] [52]} Studies have shown that adolescents are more than likely than immature adults to use multiple drugs,^[53] and the consumption of society drugs is highly associated with the presence of criminal behaviors and contempo alcohol abuse or dependence.^[54]

The prevalence of recreational drugs in human societies is widely reflected in fiction, amusement, and the arts, discipline to prevailing laws and social conventions. For instance, in the music industry, the musical genres hip hop, hardcore rap, and trap, alongside their derivative subgenres and subcultures, are near notorious for having continuously historic and promoted drug trafficking, gangster lifestyle, and consumption of drugs and alcohol since their inception in the late 1980s–early on 1990s.^{[55] [56] [57]} In video games, for example, drugs are portrayed in a variety of ways: including power-ups (cocaine gum replenishes stamina in Red Expressionless Redemption 2), obstacles to exist avoided (such as the Fuzzies in Super Mario Globe ii: Yoshi's Island that misconstrue the player'southward view when accidentally consumed), items to exist bought and sold for in-game currency (coke dealing is a big part of Scarface: The Earth Is Yours). In 1997's Fallout, drugs ("chems" in the game) can make full the role of any to a higher place mentioned. Drug trafficking, gang rivalries, and their related criminal underworld also play a big part in the best-selling Grand Theft Auto video game franchise.

Common recreational drugs [edit]

The following substances are commonly used recreationally:^[58]

• Alcohol: Well-nigh drinking alcohol is ethanol, CH
  ₃ CH
  ₂ OH. Drinking alcohol creates intoxication, relaxation and lowered inhibitions. It is produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts to create wine, beer, and distilled liquor (e.one thousand., vodka, rum, gin, etc.). In most areas of the world, it is legal for those over a sure historic period (xviii in near countries). It is an IARC Grouping one carcinogen and a teratogen.^[59] Booze withdrawal can be life-threatening.^[60]
• Amphetamines: Used recreationally to provide alacrity and a sense of energy. Prescribed for ADHD, narcolepsy, depression and weight loss. A stiff central nervous organisation stimulant, in the 1940s and 50s methamphetamine was used past Axis and Allied troops in Globe State of war II, and, later on, other armies, and by Japanese manufactory workers. It increases muscle force and fatigue resistance and improves reaction time.^[61] Methamphetamine utilise can exist neurotoxic, which ways information technology damages dopamine neurons.^[62] As a result of this brain damage, chronic use can lead to post acute withdrawal syndrome.^[63]
• Caffeine: Often plant in java, black tea, energy drinks, some soft drinks (due east.g., Coca-Cola, Pepsi and Mountain Dew, amid others), and chocolate. Information technology is the world'south virtually widely consumed psychoactive drug, but has only mild dependence liability for long-term users.^[64]
• Cannabis: Its common forms include marijuana and hashish, which are smoked or eaten. It contains at least 85 cannabinoids. The principal psychoactive component is THC, which mimics the neurotransmitter anandamide, named later on the Hindu ananda, "joy, bliss, delight".
• Cocaine: It is available equally a white powder, which is insufflated ("sniffed" into the nostrils) or converted into a solution with water and injected. A popular derivative, fissure cocaine is typically smoked. When transformed into its freebase form, crack, the cocaine vapour may exist inhaled directly. This is thought to increment bioavailability, just has also been found to be toxic, due to the production of methylecgonidine during pyrolysis.^{[65] [66] [67]}
• MDMA: Commonly known as ecstasy, it is a common club drug in the rave scene.
• Electronic cigarette: A large proportion of e-cigarette use is recreational.^[68] Well-nigh e-cigarette liquids contain nicotine, but the level of nicotine varies depending on user-preference and manufacturers.^[69] Nicotine is highly addictive,^{[70] [71] [72]} comparable to heroin or cocaine.^[73] Due east-cigarettes are existence used to inhale MDMA, cocaine powder, scissure cocaine, constructed cathinones, mephedrone, α-PVP, constructed cannabinoids, opioids, heroin, fentanyl, tryptamines, and ketamine.^[74]
• Ketamine: An coldhearted used legally past paramedics and doctors in emergency situations for its dissociative and analgesic qualities and illegally in the club drug scene.
• Lean: A liquid drug mixture made when mixing cough syrup, sweets, soft drinks and codeine. It originated in the 1990s in Houston. Ever since then, this drug usage has grown and is often used at parties and in the trap music scene. Many people would get a drowsy feeling when consuming this drug.
• LSD: A popular ergoline derivative, that was offset synthesized in 1938 by Albert Hofmann. All the same, he failed to discover its psychedelic effects until 1943.^[75] In the 1950s, it was used in psychological therapy, and, covertly, past the CIA in Projection MKULTRA, in which the drug was administered to unwitting US and Canadian citizens. It played a central part in 1960s 'counter-culture', and was banned in Oct 1968 by Us President Lyndon B Johnson.^{[76] [77]}
• Nitrous oxide: legally used by dentists as an anxiolytic and anaesthetic, information technology is also used recreationally by users who obtain it from whipped foam canisters (whippets or whip-its) (run across inhalant), as information technology causes perceptual effects, a "high" and at higher doses, hallucinations.
• Opiates and opioids: Available by prescription for pain relief. Commonly used opioids include oxycodone, hydrocodone, codeine, fentanyl, heroin, methadone, and morphine. Opioids have a loftier potential for habit and have the ability to induce severe concrete withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of frequent utilize. Heroin can exist smoked, insufflated or turned into a solution with h2o and injected. Percocet is a prescription opioid containing oxycodone and acetaminophen.
• Psilocybin mushrooms: This hallucinogenic drug was an important drug in the psychedelic scene. Until 1963, when it was chemically analysed past Albert Hofmann, it was completely unknown to modernistic science that Psilocybe semilanceata ("Liberty Cap", common throughout Europe) contains psilocybin, a hallucinogen previously identified only in species native to Mexico, Asia, and North America.^[78]
• Tobacco: Nicotiana tabacum. Nicotine is the primal drug contained in tobacco leaves, which are either smoked, chewed or snuffed. It contains nicotine, which crosses the blood–brain barrier in 10–xx seconds. It mimics the activity of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain and the neuromuscular junction. The neuronal forms of the receptor are nowadays both post-synaptically (involved in classical neurotransmission) and pre-synaptically, where they can influence the release of multiple neurotransmitters.^[79]
• Tranquilizers: barbiturates, benzodiazepines (eastward.chiliad. alprazolam, diazepam, etc.)(commonly prescribed for feet disorders; known to cause dementia and post acute withdrawal syndrome)
• "Bathroom salts": slang term that mostly refers to substituted cathinones such as Mephedrone and Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), but non always
• DMT – primary ingredient in ayahuasca, can also exist smoked (inhalation causes a cursory effect lasting ordinarily 5 to 15 minutes).^{[fourscore] [81]}
• Peyote: This hallucinogen contains mescaline, native to southwestern Texas and United mexican states
• Salvia divinorum: This hallucinogenic Mexican herb in the mint family; not considered recreational, nigh likely due to the nature of the hallucinations (legal in some jurisdictions)
• Synthetic cannabis: "Spice", "K2", JWH-018, AM-2201
• Quaaludes: A popular club drug in the 1970s. No longer prescribed or manufactured in many countries only remains pop in South Africa.^{[82] [83]}

Routes of administration [edit]

Insufflation of powdered drug

Drugs are often associated with a detail road of administration. Many drugs tin can be consumed in more than one way. For case, marijuana can exist swallowed like nutrient or smoked, and cocaine tin be "sniffed" in the nostrils, injected, or, with various modifications, smoked.

• inhalation: all intoxicative inhalants (see below) that are gases or solvent vapours that are inhaled through the trachea, as the name suggests
• insufflation: also known every bit "snorting", or "sniffing", this method involves the user placing a pulverisation in the nostrils and animate in through the nose, so that the drug is absorbed by the mucous membranes. Drugs that are "snorted", or "sniffed", include powdered amphetamines, cocaine, heroin, ketamine, MDMA, snuff tobacco
• Subcutaneous injection: also known as Skin popping. Injection of drug into the third lowest layer of pare.
• Intramuscular injection: injection of drug into a muscle.
• intravenous injection (see also the article Drug injection): the user injects a solution of water and the drug into a vein, or less commonly, into the tissue. Drugs that are injected include morphine and heroin, less ordinarily other opioids. Stimulants similar cocaine or methamphetamine may too be injected. In rare cases, users inject other drugs.
• oral intake: caffeine, ethanol, cannabis edibles, psilocybin mushrooms, coca tea, poppy tea, laudanum, GHB, ecstasy pills with MDMA or various other substances (mainly stimulants and psychedelics), prescription and over-the-counter drugs (ADHD and narcolepsy medications, benzodiazepines, anxiolytics, sedatives, cough suppressants, morphine, codeine, opioids and others)
• sublingual: substances diffuse into the blood through tissues nether the natural language. Many psychoactive drugs can be or have been specifically designed for sublingual administration, including barbiturates, benzodiazepines,^[84] opioid analgesics with poor gastrointestinal bioavailability, LSD blotters, coca leaves, some hallucinogens. This route of assistants is activated when chewing some forms of smokeless tobacco (east.g. dipping tobacco, snus).
• intrarectal: administering into the rectum, most water-soluble drugs tin can be used this mode.
• smoking (meet also the section beneath): tobacco, cannabis, opium, crystal meth, phencyclidine, cleft cocaine and heroin (diamorphine as freebase) known as chasing the dragon.
• transdermal patches with prescription drugs: east.yard. methylphenidate (Daytrana) and fentanyl.^{[85] [86] [87] [88]}

Many drugs are taken through various routes. Intravenous route is the most efficient, simply also one of the most unsafe. Nasal, rectal, inhalation and smoking are safer. The oral road is 1 of the safest and most comfortable, but of piffling bioavailability.

Types [edit]

Depressants [edit]

Depressants are psychoactive drugs that temporarily diminish the function or activity of a specific part of the body or listen.^[89] Colloquially, depressants are known as "downers", and users generally have them to experience more relaxed and less tense. Examples of these kinds of effects may include anxiolysis, sedation, and hypotension. Depressants are widely used throughout the globe every bit prescription medicines and as illicit substances. When these are used, effects may include anxiolysis (reduction of anxiety), analgesia (pain relief), sedation, somnolence, cerebral/retentiveness impairment, dissociation, musculus relaxation, lowered claret pressure level/center charge per unit, respiratory depression, anesthesia, and anticonvulsant effects. Depressants exert their effects through a number of unlike pharmacological mechanisms, the virtually prominent of which include potentiation of GABA or opioid activity, and inhibition of adrenergic, histamine or acetylcholine action. Some are also capable of inducing feelings of euphoria. The nearly widely used depressant past far is alcohol (i.e. ethanol).

Stimulants or "uppers", such as amphetamines or cocaine, which increase mental or physical role, have an opposite effect to depressants.

Depressants, in particular alcohol, tin can precipitate psychosis. A 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis by Murrie et al. found that the rate of transition from opioid, alcohol and sedative induced psychosis to schizophrenia was 12%, ten% and 9% respectively.^[90]

Antihistamines [edit]

Antihistamines (or "histamine antagonists") inhibit the release or action of histamine. "Antihistamine" tin can be used to depict any histamine antagonist, only the term is usually reserved for the classical antihistamines that human action upon the H_ane histamine receptor. Antihistamines are used as treatment for allergies. Allergies are caused by an excessive response of the body to allergens, such equally the pollen released by grasses and copse. An allergic reaction causes release of histamine by the torso. Other uses of antihistamines are to help with normal symptoms of insect stings even if there is no allergic reaction. Their recreational appeal exists mainly due to their anticholinergic properties, that induce anxiolysis and, in some cases such as diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, and orphenadrine, a characteristic euphoria at moderate doses.^{[ citation needed ]} High dosages taken to induce recreational drug effects may lead to overdoses. Antihistamines are also consumed in combination with alcohol, especially past youth who find it difficult to obtain alcohol. The combination of the two drugs can cause intoxication with lower alcohol doses.

Hallucinations and maybe delirium resembling the effects of Datura stramonium can issue if the drug is taken in much higher than therapeutic doses. Antihistamines are widely available over the counter at drug stores (without a prescription), in the form of allergy medication and some coughing medicines. They are sometimes used in combination with other substances such every bit booze. The near common unsupervised utilise of antihistamines in terms of book and percentage of the total is mayhap in parallel to the medicinal employ of some antihistamines to extend and intensify the effects of opioids and depressants. The most commonly used are hydroxyzine, mainly to extend a supply of other drugs, equally in medical utilise, and the above-mentioned ethanolamine and alkylamine-form first-generation antihistamines, which are – over again every bit in the 1950s – the subject of medical research into their anti-depressant properties.

For all of the above reasons, the use of medicinal scopolamine for recreational uses is too observed.

Analgesics [edit]

Analgesics (also known as "painkillers") are used to save pain (accomplish analgesia). The word analgesic derives from Greek "αν-" (an-, "without") and "άλγος" (álgos, "pain"). Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems; they include paracetamol (as well known in the US as acetaminophen), the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as the salicylates (e.thou. aspirin), and opioid drugs such as hydrocodone, codeine, heroin and oxycodone. Some further examples of the brand name prescription opiates and opioid analgesics that may be used recreationally include Vicodin, Lortab, Norco (hydrocodone), Avinza, Kapanol (morphine), Opana, Paramorphan (oxymorphone), Dilaudid, Palladone (hydromorphone), and OxyContin (oxycodone).

Tranquilizers [edit]

The following are examples of tranquilizers (GABAergics):

• Barbiturates
• Benzodiazepines
• Ethanol (drinking alcohol; ethyl alcohol)
• Nonbenzodiazepines
• Others
  • carisoprodol (Soma)
  • chloral hydrate
  • diethyl ether
  • ethchlorvynol (Placidyl; "jelly-bellies")
  • gamma-butyrolactone (GBL, a prodrug to GHB)
  • gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB; Thou; Xyrem; "Liquid Ecstasy", "Fantasy")
  • glutethimide (Doriden)
  • kava (from Piper methysticum; contains kavalactones)
  • ketamine, a phencyclidine (PCP) analog
  • meprobamate (Miltown)
  • methaqualone (Sopor, Mandrax; "Quaaludes")
  • phenibut
  • propofol (Diprivan), a general coldhearted
  • theanine (found in Camellia sinensis, the tea institute)
  • valerian (from Valeriana officinalis)

Stimulants [edit]

Stimulants, also known as "psychostimulants",^[91] induce euphoria with improvements in mental and physical role, such every bit enhanced alertness, wakefulness, and locomotion. Stimulants are also occasionally chosen "uppers". Depressants or "downers", which decrease mental or concrete function, are in stark dissimilarity to stimulants and are considered to be their functional opposites.

Stimulants enhance the action of the fundamental and peripheral nervous systems. Common effects may include increased alertness, awareness, wakefulness, endurance, productivity, and motivation, arousal, locomotion, heart charge per unit, and blood pressure, and a diminished desire for food and sleep.

Use of stimulants may cause the torso to significantly reduce its production of endogenous compounds that fulfill similar functions. In one case the event of the ingested stimulant has worn off the user may feel depressed, lethargic, confused, and dysphoric. This is colloquially termed a "crash" and may promote reuse of the stimulant.

Amphetamines are a significant crusade of drug-induced psychosis. Importantly, a 2019 meta-assay found that 22% of people with amphetamine-induced psychosis transition to a later diagnosis of schizophrenia.^[xc]

Examples of stimulants include:

• Sympathomimetics (catecholaminergics)—e.g. amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, methylphenidate, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine
• Entactogens (serotonergics, primarily phenethylamines)—east.g. MDMA (which is also an amphetamine)
• Eugeroics, e.g. modafinil
• Others
  • arecoline (found in Areca catechu)
  • caffeine (found in Coffea spp.)
  • nicotine (plant in Nicotiana spp.)
  • rauwolscine (found in Rauvolfia serpentina)
  • yohimbine (Procomil; a tryptamine alkaloid establish in Pausinystalia johimbe)

Euphoriants [edit]

• Alcohol: "Euphoria, the feeling of well-beingness, has been reported during the early (10–15 min) phase of alcohol consumption" (eastward.m., beer, wine or spirits)^[92]
• Catnip: Catnip contains a sedative known as nepetalactone that activates opioid receptors. In cats information technology elicits sniffing, licking, chewing, caput shaking, rolling, and rubbing which are indicators of pleasance. In humans, however, catnip does not act every bit a euphoriant.^[93]
• Cannabis: Tetrahydrocannabinol, the master psychoactive ingredient in this institute, can take sedative and euphoric properties.
• Stimulants: "Psychomotor stimulants produce locomotor activity (the subject becomes hyperactive), euphoria, (ofttimes expressed by excessive talking and garrulous behaviour), and anorexia. The amphetamines are the all-time known drugs in this category..."^[94]
• MDMA: The "euphoriant drugs such equally MDMA ('ecstasy') and MDEA ('eve')" are popular among young adults.^[95] MDMA "users experience short-term feelings of euphoria, rushes of energy and increased tactility"^[96] every bit well every bit interpersonal connectedness.
• Opium: This "drug derived from the unripe seed-pods of the opium poppy…produces drowsiness and euphoria and reduces pain. Morphine and codeine are opium derivatives."^[97] Opioids have led to many deaths in the United States, specially by causing respiratory depression.

Hallucinogens [edit]

Hallucinogens tin can be divided into three broad categories: psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants. They can cause subjective changes in perception, idea, emotion and consciousness. Dissimilar other psychoactive drugs such as stimulants and opioids, hallucinogens exercise not merely amplify familiar states of mind simply too induce experiences that differ from those of ordinary consciousness, often compared to non-ordinary forms of consciousness such as trance, meditation, conversion experiences, and dreams.

Psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants take a long worldwide history of utilise within medicinal and religious traditions. They are used in shamanic forms of ritual healing and divination, in initiation rites, and in the religious rituals of syncretistic movements such as União do Vegetal, Santo Daime, Temple of the True Inner Calorie-free, and the Native American Church. When used in religious do, psychedelic drugs, also equally other substances like tobacco, are referred to every bit entheogens.

Hallucinogen-induced psychosis occurs when psychosis persists despite no longer beingness intoxicated with the drug. It is estimated that 26% of people with hallucinogen-induced psychosis volition transition to a diagnosis of schizophrenia. This percentage is less than the psychosis transition rate for cannabis (34%) simply higher than that of amphetamines (22%).^[90]

Starting in the mid-20th century, psychedelic drugs have been the object of extensive attention in the Western world. They have been and are being explored every bit potential therapeutic agents in treating depression, mail-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, alcoholism, and opioid addiction. Yet the well-nigh pop, and at the same time about stigmatized, use of psychedelics in Western culture has been associated with the search for directly religious experience, enhanced creativity, personal development, and "mind expansion". The use of psychedelic drugs was a major element of the 1960s counterculture, where information technology became associated with various social movements and a full general temper of rebellion and strife between generations.

• Deliriants
  • atropine (alkaloid found in plants of the family Solanaceae, including datura, deadly nightshade, henbane and mandrake)
  • dimenhydrinate (Dramamine, an antihistamine)
  • diphenhydramine (Benadryl, Unisom, Nytol)
  • hyoscyamine (alkaloid as well plant in the Solanaceae)
  • hyoscine hydrobromide (another Solanaceae alkaloid)
  • myristicin (found in Myristica fragrans ("Nutmeg"))
  • ibotenic acid (constitute in Amanita muscaria ("Fly Agaric"); prodrug to muscimol)
  • muscimol (also found in Amanita muscaria, a GABAergic)
• Dissociatives
  • dextromethorphan (DXM; Robitussin, Delsym, etc.; "Dex", "Robo", "Cough Syrup", "DXM")
    • "Triple C's, Coricidin, Skittles" refer to a potentially fatal formulation containing both dextromethorphan and chlorpheniramine.
  • ketamine (K; Ketalar, Ketaset, Ketanest; "Ket", "Kit Kat", "Special-Grand", "Vitamin Thousand", "Jet Fuel", "Horse Tranquilizer")
  • methoxetamine (Mex, Mket, Mexi)
  • phencyclidine (PCP; Sernyl; "Affections Dust", "Rocket Fuel", "Sherm", "Killer Weed", "Super Grass")
  • nitrous oxide (N₂O; "NOS", "Laughing Gas", "Whippets", "Balloons")
• Psychedelics
  • Phenethylamines
    • 2C-B ("Nexus", "Venus", "Eros", "Bees")
    • 2C-Eastward ("Eternity", "Hummingbird")
    • 2C-I ("Infinity")
    • 2C-T-2 ("Rosy")
    • 2C-T-7 ("Blue Mystic", "Lucky 7")
    • DOB
    • DOC
    • DOI
    • DOM ("Quiet, Tranquility, and Peace" ("STP"))
    • MDMA ("Ecstasy", "E", "Molly", "Mandy", "MD", "Crystal Love")
    • mescaline (found in peyote, Peruvian torch cactus and San Pedro cactus)
  • Tryptamines (including ergolines and lysergamides)
    • v-MeO-DiPT ("Foxy", "Foxy Methoxy")
    • v-MeO-DMT (plant in diverse plants like chacruna, jurema, vilca, and yopo)
    • alpha-methyltryptamine (αMT; Indopan; "Spirals")
    • bufotenin (secreted by Bufo alvarius, too found in diverse Amanita mushrooms)
    • North,N-dimethyltryptamine (North,N-DMT; DMT; "Dimitri", "Disneyland", "Spice"; found in large amounts in Psychotria and in D. cabrerana)
    • lysergic acid amide (LSA; ergine; constitute in morning glory and Hawaiian baby woodrose seeds)
    • lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; 50; Delysid; "Acid", "Sid". "Cid", "Lucy", "Sidney", "Blotters", "Droppers", "Carbohydrate Cubes")
    • O-Acetylpsilocin (believed to exist a prodrug of psilocin)
    • psilocin (institute in psilocybin mushrooms)
    • psilocybin (also found in psilocybin mushrooms; prodrug to psilocin)
    • ibogaine (found in Tabernanthe iboga ("Iboga"))
• Atypicals
  • salvinorin A (found in Salvia divinorum, a trans-neoclerodane diterpenoid ("Augur'southward Sage", "Lady Salvia", "Salvinorin"))

Inhalants [edit]

Inhalants are gases, aerosols, or solvents that are breathed in and absorbed through the lungs. While some "inhalant" drugs are used for medical purposes, every bit in the case of nitrous oxide, a dental anesthetic, inhalants are used as recreational drugs for their intoxicating effect.^[98] Most inhalant drugs that are used not-medically are ingredients in household or industrial chemical products that are non intended to exist concentrated and inhaled, including organic solvents (found in cleaning products, fast-drying glues, and nail polish removers), fuels (gasoline (petrol) and kerosene), and propellant gases such as Freon and compressed hydrofluorocarbons that are used in aerosol cans such as hairspray, whipped cream, and non-stick cooking spray. A small number of recreational inhalant drugs are pharmaceutical products that are used illicitly, such as anesthetics (ether and nitrous oxide)^[98] and volatile anti-angina drugs (alkyl nitrites, more commonly known as "poppers").

The about serious inhalant corruption occurs amidst children and teens who "[...] alive on the streets completely without family unit ties".^[99] Inhalant users inhale vapor or aerosol propellant gases using plastic bags held over the mouth or by breathing from a solvent-soaked rag or an open up container. The effects of inhalants range from an booze-similar intoxication and intense euphoria to vivid hallucinations, depending on the substance and the dosage. Some inhalant users are injured due to the harmful effects of the solvents or gases, or due to other chemicals used in the products inhaled. As with whatsoever recreational drug, users tin be injured due to dangerous behavior while they are intoxicated, such equally driving under the influence. Figurer cleaning dusters are dangerous to inhale, because the gases expand and cool apace upon being sprayed. In many cases, users have died from hypoxia (lack of oxygen), pneumonia, cardiac failure or arrest,^[100] or aspiration of vomit.

Examples include:

• Chloroform
• Ethyl chloride
• Diethyl ether
• Ethane and ethylene
• Laughing gas (nitrous oxide)^[98]
• Poppers (alkyl nitrites)
• Solvents and propellants (including propane, butane, freon, gasoline, kerosene, toluene) along with the fumes of glues containing them

Listing of drugs which can be smoked [edit]

Plants:

• tobacco
• cannabis
• salvia divinorum
• opium
• datura and other Solanaceae (formerly smoked to treat asthma)
• possibly other plants (see the section below)

Substances (besides not necessarily psychoactive plants smoked inside them):

• methamphetamine
• crack cocaine
• black tar heroin
• phencyclidine (PCP)
• synthetic cannabinoids (run across also: synthetic cannabis)
• dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
• five-MeO-DMT
• Bufotenine
• DiPT
• Methaqualone
• Ethanol (alcohol)
• Ketamine
• Heroin
• many others, including some prescription drugs

List of psychoactive plants, fungi, and animals [edit]

Minimally psychoactive plants which contain mainly caffeine and theobromine:

• coffee
• tea (caffeine in tea is sometimes chosen theine) – also contains theanine
• guarana (caffeine in guarana is sometimes called guaranine)
• yerba mate (caffeine in yerba mate is sometimes called mateine)
• cocoa
• kola

Virtually known psychoactive plants:

• cannabis: cannabinoids
• tobacco: nicotine and beta-carboline alkaloids
• coca: cocaine
• opium poppy: morphine, codeine, and other opiates
• salvia divinorum: salvinorin A
• khat: cathine and cathinone
• kava: kavalactones
• nutmeg: myristicin and elemicin

Solanaceae plants—contain atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine

• datura
• deadly nightshade Atropa belladonna
• henbane
• mandrake (mandragora)
• other Solanaceae

Cacti with mescaline:

• peyote
• Peruvian torch cactus
• San Pedro cactus

Other plants:

• kratom: mitragynine, mitraphylline, 7-hydroxymitragynine, raubasine, and corynanthine
• ephedra: ephedrine
• damiana
• Calea zacatechichi
• Silene capensis
• valerian: valerian (the chemic with the same name)
• various plants like chacruna, jurema, vilca, and yopo – 5-MeO-DMT
• Morning glory and Hawaiian Baby Woodrose – lysergic acid amide (LSA, ergine)
• Ayahuasca (for DMT)
• Tabernanthe iboga ("Iboga")—ibogaine
• Areca catechu (run into: betel and paan)—arecoline
• Rauvolfia serpentina: rauwolscine
• yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe): yohimbine and corynanthine
• many others

Fungi:

• psilocybin mushrooms: psilocybin and psilocin
• diverse Amanita mushrooms: muscimol
• Amanita muscaria: ibotenic acid and muscimol
• Claviceps purpurea and other Clavicipitaceae: ergotamine (not psychoactive itself but used in synthesis of LSD)

Psychoactive animals:

• hallucinogenic fish
• psychoactive toads: bufotenin, Bufo alvarius (Colorado River toad or Sonoran Desert toad) also contains 5-MeO-DMT

Come across also [edit]

• Alcohol licensing laws of the Uk
• Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the Us
• Cigarette packets in Commonwealth of australia
• Counterfeit drug
• Demand reduction
• Designer drug
• Drug discovery
• Drug policy
  • Drug checking
  • Drug education
  • Drug policy reform
  • Prohibition of drugs
• Effective dose
• Effects of cannabis
• Flavored tobacco
• Gateway drug theory
• Harm reduction
• Illegal drug merchandise
• LD50
• Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States
• Over the counter drug
• Pharmacology
• Poly drug utilize
• Prevalence of tobacco consumption
• Projection MKUltra
• Psychedelic feel
• Psychopharmacology
• Purple drank
• Recreational apply of dextromethorphan
• Recreational use of ketamine
• Regulation of therapeutic goods
• Tobacco marketing targeting African Americans
• Tobacco packaging warning messages
• Toxicology
• Usage of electronic cigarettes

[edit]

• Licit and Illicit Drugs
• Marihuana: The First Twelve Grand Years
• Methland
• Smoke and Mirrors: The War on Drugs and the Politics of Failure
• The Doors of Perception
• The Rhetoric of Drugs
• This Is Your Country On Drugs

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Further reading [edit]

• Martin, Christopher Due south.; Chung, Tammy; Langenbucher, James W. (2017). "Part 1: Defining and Characterizing the Nature and Extent of Substance Utilise Disorders – Historical and Cultural Perspectives on Substance Use and Substance Utilise Disorders". In Sher, Kenneth J. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Substance Use and Substance Utilize Disorders: Book 1. Oxford Library of Psychology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Printing. pp. 27–59. doi:ten.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.001. ISBN9780199381678. LCCN 2016020729.
• Anthony, James; Barondess, David A.; Radovanovic, Mirjana; Lopez-Quintero, Catalina (2017). "Function 1: Psychiatric Comorbidity – Polydrug Utilize: Inquiry Topics and Issues". In Sher, Kenneth J. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders: Volume 2. Oxford Library of Psychology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Printing. pp. 27–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.006. ISBN9780199381708. LCCN 2016020729.
• Hernández-Serrano, Olga; Gras, Maria E.; Font-Mayolas, Sílvia; Sullman, Mark J. M. (2016). "Office VI: Dual and Polydrug Abuse – Chapter 83: Types of Polydrug Usage". In Preedy, Victor R. (ed.). Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse, Book iii: General Processes and Mechanisms, Prescription Medications, Caffeine and Areca, Polydrug Misuse, Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug Addictions. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press, banner of Elsevier. pp. 839–849. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800634-4.00083-iv. ISBN978-0-12-800634-4.

External links [edit]

• "The Scientific discipline of Drug Use: A Resources for the Justice Sector". world wide web.drugabuse.gov. North Bethesda, Maryland: National Constitute on Drug Abuse. 26 May 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
• School-Based Drug Abuse Prevention: Promising and Successful Programs (PDF). www.publicsafety.gc.ca. Ottawa, Ontario: Public Safety Canada. 31 January 2018. ISBN978-1-100-12181-nine. Archived (PDF) from the original on nineteen May 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
• Sacco LN, Finklea Thousand (3 May 2016). "Synthetic Drugs: Overview and Issues for Congress" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Inquiry Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 23 Dec 2021.

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